Statistics sources

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) general statistics

[1] Public Health Agency of Canada, “Mapping Connections: An Understanding of Neurological Conditions in Canada,” Ottawa, 2014.

[2] Hilary Brown – Traumatic Brain Injury and Perinatal Mental Health Outcomes

[3] Langois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE, Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States, Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2006.

[4] Fact Sheet published by the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) and is supported by grant number H133A011201 from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C. ©2006 Board of Trustees. University of Alabama. The National SCI Statistical Center, 619 19th St South, SRC 515, Birmingham, AL

[5] The United States Centers for Disease Control. The USCDC underestimates the actual rate as their data does not include data for over 500,000 treated by physicians during office visits in outpatient setting, unreported injuries (25% of all mild to moderate TBI’s) and data from federal, military, or Veteran’s Administration hospitals. The US data is compatible and relevant for Canadian population estimates. 

[6] Government of Canada information on breast cancer

[7] Praxis Spinal Cord Institute

[8] “PHAC releases incidence and prevalence rates of Multiple Sclerosis in Canada”, MS Society

[9] Langois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE, Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States, Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2006

[10] Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), 2015

[11] “Sentinel surveillance of emergency department visits for traumatic brain injuries and all head injuries associated with seniors’ falls”, Government of Canada

[12] Vanlaar W, Mainegra Hing M, Brown S, McAteer H, Crain J, McFaull S. Fatal and serious injuries related to vulnerable road users in Canada. J Safety Res. 2016; 58:67–77

[13] “Sentinel surveillance of emergency department visits for traumatic brain injuries and all head injuries associated with seniors’ falls”, Government of Canada

[14] Public Health Agency of Canada, “Mapping Connections: An Understanding of Neurological Conditions in Canada,” Ottawa, 2014.

[15] “Sentinel surveillance of emergency department visits for traumatic brain injuries and all head injuries associated with seniors’ falls”, Government of Canada

Concussion

[16] “Sport and Recreation-related Concussions and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries Among Canada’s Children and Youth,” Government of Canada, 2018

[17] “Tackling the problem head-on: sports-related concussions in Canada,” House of Commons Standing Committee on Health, 2018.

[18] Langer L, Levy C, Bayley M. Increasing Incidence of Concussion: True Epidemic or Better Recognition? J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(1):E60-E66. Doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000503

[19] SCSC Dr. Roger Zemek, Director, Clinical Research, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario

[20] SCSC, Evidence, 20 February 2019, 1855 (Dr. Charles Tator, Director, Canadian Concussion Centre – University Health Network).

[21] McCrory et al., Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016 (2017) p.839

[22] SCSC, Evidence, 30 January 2019, 1855 (Dr. Roger Zemek, Director, Clinical Research, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario).

[23] Langer L, Levy C, Bayley M. Increasing Incidence of Concussion: True Epidemic or Better Recognition? J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(1):E60-E66. Doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000503

Stroke

[24] Statistics Canada. Table 102–0561 – Leading causes of death, total population, by age group and sex, Canada. CANSIM (death database) [Internet]. Ottawa (Ontario): Statistics Canada; 2017 Mar 8 [cited 2017 June 6]. Available from: http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a05?lang=eng&id=1020561

[25] GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1603–58

[26] “Stroke in Canada,” Government of Canada

[27] “Stroke in Canada,” Government of Canada

[28] Public Health Agency of Canada. Tracking Heart Disease & Stroke in Canada. 2009. [Internet]. Ottawa (Ontario): Public Health Agency of Canada; 2009 June 10 [cited 2017 June 6]. Available from: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2009/cvd-avc/index-eng.php

[29] “Stroke in Canada,” Government of Canada

[30] “Lives disrupted: The impact of stroke on women.” The Heart and Stroke Foundation

Brain Tumour

[31] Brain Tumour Foundation of Canada

[32] Brain and spinal cord cancer statistics, the Canadian Cancer Society

Hydrocephalus

[33] Hydrocephalus Canada

Caregivers

[34] Stubbs, J. L., Thornton, A. E., Sevick, J. M., Silverberg, N. D., Barr, A. M., Honer, W. G., & Panenka, W. J. (2020). Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1). doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30188-4

[35] Spotlight on Canadians: Results from the General Social Survey: Portrait of caregivers, 2012. Statistics Canada

[36] Issue Brief: Workplace Mental Health, Mental Health Commission of Canada

Indigenous

[37] Lasry O, Dudley RW, Fuhrer R, Torrie J, Carlin R, Marcoux J, Traumatic brain injury in a rural indigenous population in Canada: a community-based approach to surveillance, doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20150105cmajo May 26, 2016 vol. 4 no. 2 E249-E259

[38] Karmali S, Laupland K, Harrop AR, et al.(2005) Epidemiology of severe trauma among status Aboriginal Canadians: a population-based study. CMAJ172:1007–11

[39] Keightley et, al., (2009). Rehabilitation challenges for Aboriginal clients recovering from brain injury: A qualitative study engaging health care practitioners. Brain Injury, 23(3), 250–261. DOI: 10.1080/02699050902748331

[40] Keightley et, al., (2009). Rehabilitation challenges for Aboriginal clients recovering from brain injury: A qualitative study engaging health care practitioners. Brain Injury, 23(3), 250–261. DOI: 10.1080/02699050902748331

[41] Keightley et, al., (2009). Rehabilitation challenges for Aboriginal clients recovering from brain injury: A qualitative study engaging health care practitioners. Brain Injury, 23(3), 250–261. DOI: 10.1080/02699050902748331

[42] Keightley et, al., (2009). Rehabilitation challenges for Aboriginal clients recovering from brain injury: A qualitative study engaging health care practitioners. Brain Injury, 23(3), 250–261. DOI: 10.1080/02699050902748331

[43] “Lives disrupted: The impact of stroke on women.” The Heart and Stroke Foundation

Incarceration

[44] McIsaac KE, Moser A, Moineddin R, et al. Association between traumatic brain injury and incarceration: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(4):E746-E753. Published 2016 Dec 6. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20160072

[45] Ferguson, P.L., Pickelsimer, E., Corrigan, J., Bogner, J. and Wald, M. (2012) Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury among Prisoners in South Carolina. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27, E11-E20. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e31824e5f47

[46] Jackson, Hardy, Persson & Holland, 2011. Acquired Brain Injury in the Victorian Prison System. ISSN 1834-7703

[47] Sarapata, M., Herrmann, D., Johnson, T., & Aycock, R. (1998). The role of head injury in cognitive functioning, emotional adjustment and criminal behaviour. Brain Injury, 12(10), 821-842.

[48] I. Perkes, P.W. Schofield, T. Butler, S.J. Hollis. Traumatic brain injury rates and sequelae: a comparison of prisoners with a matched community sample in Australia. Brain Inj, 25 (2011), pp. 131-141

[49] Colantonio, A. et. al, Traumatic brain injury and early life experiences among men and women in a prison population. J Correct Health Care. 2014 Oct;20(4):271-9

Mental Health

[50] Mapping Connections: An Understanding of Neurological Conditions in Canada. Neurological Health Charities Canada. 2014

[51] Hibbard et. al, Axis 1 psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1998;13, 24-39.

[52] Koponen S et. al, Axis 1 and 11 psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 2002; 159: 1315-1321.

[53] How common is depression after TBI? Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center

[54] A. I. Greenspan, A. Y. Stringer, V. L. Phillips, F. M. Hammond, and F. C. Goldstein, “Symptoms of post-traumatic stress: Intrusion and avoidance 6 and 12 months after TBI,” Brain Injury, vol. 20, no. 7. pp. 733–742, 2006.

[55] Fralick M, Thiruchelvam D, Tien HC, Redelmeier DA. Risk of suicide after a concussion. CMAJ. 2016; 188(7):497-504.

[56] Bazarian JJ, Wong T, Harris M, Leahey N, Mookerjee S, Dombovy M. Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Inj. 1999; 13:173.

Employment

[57] Mapping Connections: An Understanding of Neurological Conditions in Canada. Neurological Health Charities Canada. 2014

[58] Anderson et al, 2006

[59] Colantonio A, Mroczek D, Patel J, Lewko J, Fergenbaum J, Brison R. Examining occupational traumatic brain injury in Ontario. Can. J. Public Health 101(Suppl. 1), S58–S62 (2010).

[60] Mollayeva et al., “Sex & gender considerations in concussion research.” Concussion, 2018 Mar; 3(1): CNC51 doi: 10.2217/cnc-2017-0015

[61] Chang VC, Guerriero EN, Colantonio A. Epidemiology of work-related traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Am J. Ind. Med. 58(4), 353–377 (2015)

Homelessness

[62] Gaetz, Dej, Richter, & Redman, 2016. The Sate of Homelessness in Canada in 2016

[63] Jacob L Stubbs, Allen E Thornton, Jessica M Sevick, Noah D Silverberg, Alasdair M Barr, William G Honer, William J Panenka. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30188-4

[64] Jacob L Stubbs, Allen E Thornton, Jessica M Sevick, Noah D Silverberg, Alasdair M Barr, William G Honer, William J Panenka. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30188-4

[65] Health outcomes research on homelessness, brain injury. St. Michael’s Hospital

[66] Jacob L Stubbs, Allen E Thornton, Jessica M Sevick, Noah D Silverberg, Alasdair M Barr, William G Honer, William J Panenka. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30188-4

Intimate Partner Violence

[67] A. S. Ivany and D. Schminkey, “Intimate partner violence and traumatic brain injury: State of the science and next steps,” Fam. Community Heal., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 129–137, 2016

[68] Kwako LE, Glass N, Campbell J, Melvin KC, Barr T, Gill JM. Traumatic brain injury in IPV: A critical review of outcomes and mechanisms. Trauma Violence Abuse 2011; 12:115–126

[69] A. S. Ivany and D. Schminkey, “Intimate partner violence and traumatic brain injury: State of the science and next steps,” Fam. Community Heal., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 129–137, 2016

[70] E. Valera and H. Berenbaum, “Brain injury in battered women,” J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 797-804, 2003

[71] K. M. Iverson, C. Dardis, and T. K. Pogoda. “Traumatic brain injury and PTSD symptoms as a consequence of intimate partner violence,” Compr. Psychiatry, vol. 74. pp. 80-87, 2009

[72] N. Glass, K. Laughon, J. Campbell, C. R. Block, G. Hanson, P. W. Sharps, and E. Taliaferro, “Non-fatal Strangulation is an Important Risk Factor for Homicide of Women,” J. Emerg. Med., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 329–335, 2008

[73] Alberta Justice and Solicitor General and Alberta Crown Prosecution Service, “Domestic Violence Handbook for Police and Crown Prosecutors in Alberta,” Edmonton, AB, 2014

[74] Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2009. ECCCO-Housing