In addition to the physical changes experienced after brain injury, many of the following common cognitive, emotional, and behavioural symptoms/impairments can increase the chance of homelessness:
- Anger management issues
- Challenges with processing information
- Engagement in high-risk behaviours
- Inability to initiate
- Inappropriate emotional response
- Lack of impulse control
- Memory impairments
- Perseveration
- Poor judgment
Additional contributing factors include discrimination, intimate partner violence, poverty, and systemic barriers.
Homelessness is not something that happens quickly and in isolation. There are usually many cascading effects that lead to homelessness and it is very rarely a choice.
Statistics on homelessness and brain injury
- Almost half of all homeless men who took part in a study by St. Michael’s Hospital had suffered at least one traumatic brain injury (TBI) in their life and 87% of those injuries occurred before the men lost their homes [7].
- Studies find that 60% of homeless individuals with TBI report sustaining multiple injuries [8].
- The majority of first TBIs occur prior to homelessness, suggesting that brain injury is a risk factor for homelessness. However, homelessness has also been found to be a risk factor for subsequent TBIs [9].
- TBIs have been linked to increased mental health problems, physical health problems, and drug problems among the homeless [10].
- Homeless individuals with TBIs appear to have worse cognitive impairment than homeless individuals without TBIs [11].
- In a study of women with TBI in Canada, poverty was found to be a significant barrier to accessing health care [12].
Advocating for affordable, appropriate housing
No one should have to choose to pay rent over food, but it happens everyday. Financial assistance in provinces is too low – especially in cities – for people to find affordable housing without sacrificing basic needs. Once a person becomes homeless, it becomes even more difficult to find housing. There is also a stigma around homelessness driven by ignorance and judgement, and that stigma can negatively affect a person’s ability to escape homelessness. This is especially true for individuals with a brain injury who may not be able to work, don’t have the cognitive abilities to manage money, or are experiencing additional challenges.
Housing programs geared towards supporting individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) are underfunded and specialized ABI housing programs in Canada have extensive wait lists, leaving people exposed to ongoing social, emotional, and financial risks.
As brain injury is a lifelong condition, affordable housing support and strategies need to be improved to address barriers and supports across their life span. We also need to understand the path to homelessness for those living with brain injury, as it is a critical piece in the prevention strategy.
Housing First model
Housing First is “a recovery-oriented approach to ending homelessness that centers on quickly moving people experiencing homelessness into independent and permanent housing and then providing additional supports and services as needed… The basic underlying principle of Housing First is that people are better able to move forward with their lives if they are first housed. This is as true for people experiencing homelessness and those with mental health and addictions issues as it is for anyone. Housing is provided first and then supports are provided including physical and mental health, education, employment, substance abuse, and community connections.” [13]
This model focuses on providing permanent housing to individuals despite their circumstance and needs.
- Some people need affordable independent housing options that do not have extensive wait lists.
- Some people need supported living where they may have a room or an apartment but have access to supports as needed. This is essential for those with memory impairments and organizational challenges.
- Some have complex medical needs and require full-time care, but are in a long-term care facility with seniors with Dementia and Alzheimer’s. While their medical needs are provided for, this does not meet their need for socialization and engagement with peers in any meaningful way.
For those living with brain injury, supports need to be put in place to ensure housing is secured and sustainable over the long-term. Supports should include:
- Access to mental health and other health care supports
- Addiction services specific to those with brain injury
- Affordable childcare
- Community engagement
- Help with filling out forms – health cards, income taxes, available subsidies, etc.
- Help with organization – paying bills, opening mail, budgeting, planning, etc.
- Mediation and dispute resolution supports
- Supports for victims of intimate partner violence
How to advocate for appropriate, affordable housing
Advocacy for appropriate, affordable housing happens at several levels. There needs to be more education of the public on the housing plight in Canada; outreach to the National Housing Strategy council advocating for appropriate housing for brain injury survivors; and large-scale advocacy from organizations to government departments.
Ways to advocate for appropriate, affordable housing include:
- Writing to your local government representatives
- Sharing research and information about housing with your network
- Signing petitions for organizations
- Contact your local brain injury associations to see if they are involved in any initiatives
Resources
- Learn more about initiatives from the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness
- Canadian Housing and Renewal Association
- Right to Housing