Brain injury can have a profound impact on how a person feels (emotions) and acts (behaviour). It helps to understand how their behaviours may have changed and how to manage those changes.
Topics in this section include:
- Aggression, anger & frustration
- Anxiety
- Denial
- Depression
- Disinhibition/Impulsivity
- Grief
- Obsessiveness
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Self-image loss
- Sexually inappropriate behaviour
- Social dysfunction
Aggression, anger & frustration
Anxiety
Anxiety stems from feelings of worry and fear. After a brain injury, people commonly worry about recovery being too slow, getting back to school or work, not having enough money, and relationship difficulties. Anxiety may lead to unhelpful behaviours, such as avoiding places or situations, re-checking things excessively, and asking the same questions over and over. Anxiety can also lead to panic attacks. Panic attacks (sudden, intense fear and physical sensations like rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating) – can be brought on by overwhelming situations or emotions, a person’s thought process, or by upcoming events/appointments. Some ways for a person to cope with anxiety include:
- Developing routines that are clear and able to be used repeatedly
- Medications
- Participating in counselling geared toward anxiety (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness)
- Practicing slow, mindful breathing
- Redirecting to a familiar place or activity that makes the person feel safe and calm
- Scheduling “worry appointments” so the person can contain their worry to a time and place of their choice (e.g., after breakfast) rather than having worries pop into their mind when they are trying to do other things. One way to have a worry appointment is in a journal. You can also offer to be sounding board for your friend and family member
It’s important to be patient. Anxiety is deeply personal and emotional.
Some anxiety after brain injury is normal. After all, capabilities and daily living has changed for them. When anxiety becomes difficult to control and interferes with their sleep, daily activities or relationships, mental health treatment (e.g., cognitive-behavioural therapy) may be necessary.
Denial
Brain injury comes with a wide variety of changes and people often can’t do the things they would normally do. This can be incredibly difficult to cope with for both you and the person with a brain injury. They may even begin experiencing denial. They don’t recognize how serious their injury was and how it continues to impact them. A brain injury can also impair a person’s ability to monitor and judge their own performance. They may become angry or frustrated, place their blame for their challenges on someone else, or engage in risky actions to ‘prove’ that they haven’t been affected.
You may have to keep an eye out for dangerous behaviour that would put safety at risk. While you shouldn’t argue with the person (arguing if often counterproductive), you can try to redirect them to new activities. Cognitive-behavioural therapists or a psychologist (or psychiatrist) may also be able to provide practical coping methods that will help the person with a brain injury move past denial.
Depression
Depression is a complex health condition involving a person’s thinking, emotions, and behaviour. Depression is linked to grief. Many people with depression may feel sad much of the time, lose interest in their usual activities, withdraw from others, have a negative outlook on life, and experience changes in energy, sleep, and appetite. It’s important to understand the impact of depression, and how to support your friend or family member as they move through it. Depression may not only be psychological: brain injury can alter the brain’s structure, so depression can also be biological. The challenge of dealing with emotional and behavioural changes like depression require as much commitment in recovery as working on cognitive and motor skills.
When symptoms of depression continue for weeks or longer, mental health treatment may be necessary.
Disinhibition/impulsivity
Impulse control/inhibition is the ability to think through actions and speech. When someone is experiencing disinhibition or impulsivity after a brain injury, they may:
- Be easily irritated
- Buy things they don’t need or can’t afford
- Do risky, dangerous things
- Have mood swings
- Ignore social and safety rules
- Make inappropriate remarks
- Not be able to think things through
- Speak impulsively
If your friend or family member is struggling with impulse control and disinhibition, there are ways to help them cope with these challenges.
Grief
Grief is an emotion that has a direct impact on how a person behaves. Someone experiencing grief after a brain injury may engage in risky behaviours or have angry/aggressive/emotional outbursts either alone or directed at others.
It’s normal to experience grief after a brain injury, but it’s important to understand how grief works.
Obsessiveness
Obsessiveness is when someone becomes ultra-focused on an object, a task, or even something someone said. They can’t think about anything else, may become incredibly stubborn, or do something over and over again. This can be made worse by anxiety or by injury to the parts of the brain that enables a person to shift the focus of their attention. It can make it harder to solve problems and maintain relationships.
Obsessiveness can be caused by a variety of things and can be managed with the right supports.
- Identify what the trigger that causes obsessive behaviour (the antecedent), and eliminate the antecedent if possible
- Encourage the person to take breaks, redirecting their attention is possible
- Speak with a cognitive-behavioural therapist or psychiatrist or psychologist about how to cope with obsessive behaviour
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that occurs in people who have suffered a traumatic event. It’s common in individuals that have experienced assault, accident survivors, and people in the military. Behavioural symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder include:
- Anxiety
- Increase in negative thoughts, feelings, and beliefs stemming from the trauma
- Disassociation – losing touch with the present and feeling like you are experiencing the trauma again
- Avoidance of certain situations that may recall (trigger) the trauma
- Feeling on guard all the time
- Sleep problems
Not every person who suffers a traumatic brain injury will have post-traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, not everyone with post-traumatic stress disorder will have had a brain injury. Only a licensed professional like a psychologist or psychiatrist can diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder.
For more information on post-traumatic stress disorder, visit our mental health and brain injury page
Self-image loss
Brain injuries not only change a person’s abilities; they affect identity (e.g., “Who am I now?”) and self-image because of the physical, cognitive, emotional and mental impacts. Someone with a brain injury may only focus on their limitations and fail to see their positive qualities. The emotions related to these changes can lead to behaviours such as withdrawal, avoidance or choosing not to take actions, and a lack of motivation to do anything – including work on rehabilitation and recovery.
It can be difficult to encourage someone who is experiencing challenges with their identity. Some ways you can help the person with their self-image include:
- Celebrating their successes
- Helping them get back to activities they enjoy, or finding new activities for them
- Identifying the ways they have not changed (i.e. their kindness, their sense of humour, and other positive qualities)
- Keeping a positivity journal: at the end of the day (or as they happen), the person should write down the good things that happened to them
- Taking break. It’s normal to feel loss, and it’s important to let yourself process it
Sexually inappropriate behaviour
An uncommon behavioural effect of brain injury can be sexually inappropriate behaviour. This includes making inappropriate comments about themselves or someone else, inappropriate actions (such as touching), and exhibitionism, which is the act of displaying genitals in public places or to people without their consent. This behaviour can also include masturbation at inappropriate times or in inappropriate places.
It’s difficult for people with a brain injury to recognize that they are being sexually inappropriate. They may think their behaviour is normal. It’s important to work with a healthcare professional and help the person with a brain injury understand what is appropriate. Examples of how you can help them with this include:
- Writing down what’s appropriate to say or do in social situations
- Setting clear boundaries of where masturbation is acceptable (in the bedroom, with the door closed)
If the person has questions about sexual behaviour or sexual health, these should be shared with you or a healthcare professional. It’s important to have open, honest discussions about what they are feeling/experiencing.
Social dysfunction
Socializing after a brain injury can be difficult due to several factors, including how the person with a brain injury behaves. It’s common for people living with acquired brain injury to:
- Have trouble keeping up in group conversations
- Lack awareness regarding how others feel emotionally
- Make inappropriate comments
- Misinterpret social cues such as facial expressions
- Mistake sarcasm for literal statements
- Show aggression and frustration
Trouble socializing can lead to social isolation, anxiety and depression. Socialization is incredibly important for mental health, so it’s important to understand what is involved in being social after a brain injury and how you can help them.
- More information on socializing and brain injury, including practical social tips